Abstract:Package managers are legion. Every programming language and operating system has its own solution, each with subtly different semantics for dependency resolution. This fragmentation prevents multilingual projects from expressing precise dependencies across language ecosystems; it leaves external system and hardware dependencies implicit and unversioned; it obscures security vulnerabilities that lie in the full dependency graph. We present the \textit{Package Calculus}, a formalism for dependency resolution that unifies the core semantics of diverse package managers. Through a series of formal reductions, we show how this core is expressive enough to model the diversity that real-world package managers employ in their dependency expression languages. By using the Package Calculus as the intermediate representation of dependencies, we enable translation between distinct package managers and resolution across ecosystems.
More posts 26 Feb 2026 8 min read
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When Lady Whistledown writes of "beings from opposing worlds," a perfect Gemini Strings cover of Billie Eilish's 2024 single plays. "The draw of two differing desires can be torture at best," Julie Andrews' Lady Whistledown voice over says. "Perhaps the desire is not the problem, but the world itself." If someone told me these were Billie Eilish lyrics from Hit Me Hard and Soft, I would believe.
第九十二条 公安机关办理治安案件，有权向有关单位和个人收集、调取证据。有关单位和个人应当如实提供证据。